Tv: Industries & Audiences
Wednesday 15th November 2023
L/O: to research the history, companies and regulators in the tv industry.
Publicly owned tv channel - Publicly funded tv.
Commercial tv channel - Tv that is privately owned and funded through advertisements.
Convergence - Process of joining different technologies into one device.
Watershed - Time of day when content is not suitable for children under 15. Between 9pm - 5:30am.
Segmented market - Dividing your target market into approachable groups.
Mainstream - News sources people can call reliable and is popular.
Self regulating - Things controlled by the people involved in them.
Franchise - A license from a company of a product to use format, show and ideas.
Channel surfing - When someone frequently changes from one programme to another.
PSB - For the public benefit rather than to serving commercial interests.
Tv license - A legal permission to install or use tv receiving equipment to watch live on any channel.
Scheduling - Shows which platform of which company will advertise and the date, time.
Conglomerate - A large company that owns a large number of media companies.
When was tv introduced to the uk - 1936.
In 1965, how many channels were there in the UK - 3 channels.
When did ITV start and why was it different - 1955, different because it was commercial.
Which UK channels have to follow PSB remits - BBC 1 and 2 and channel 3, 4 and 5.
Who regulates UK tv now - OfCom.
Who regulated tv channels in the 1960s - ITA.
Differences between TV in the 60s and now - The BBC was self regulated.
Wednesday 22nd November 2023
L/O: to explore the ownership and regulation of BBC 1 and ITV.
- Ofcom find broadcasters if their programmes do not follow their broadcasting code.
- They carry out regular reviews to see that the terrestrial channels are fulfilling their requirements.
- In the UK the BBC is the main PSB channel and has to follow a strict remit.
- The BBC is granted a license to broadcast by royal charter, which should be renewed every 11yrs.
- BBC is to inform, educate and entertain.
- Their mission is "to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which inform, educate and entertain".
1. To provide impartial news and information to help people understand and engage with the world around them.
2. To support learning for people of all ages.
3. To show the most creative, highest quality and distinctive output and services.
4. To reflect, represent and serve the diverse communities of all of the United Kingdom’s nations and regions and, in doing so, support the creative economy across the United Kingdom.
5. To reflect the United Kingdom, its culture and values to the world.
- The BBC is funded by the annual license fee which pays for BBC tv, radio, online content and for developing new programmes.
- It is a criminal offence to not pay the license, this applies to watching BBC programmes on any media platforms.
- Commercial channels generally have no guaranteed income. They can generate income by:
- ITV is conglomerate, made up of lots of smaller companies, it is non profit, it goes back into it.
- Part of ITV's PSB remit is to broadcast items of national importance, produce a variety of programmes for a wider audience and produce accessible content.
- 6 channels are ITV, ITV1, ITV2, ITV3, ITV4, ITTbe.
- 1 streaming platform is ITVx.
Wednesday 6th December 2023
Editing Coursework
Wednesday 13th December 2023
L/O: to explore how audiences consume TV dramas and the appeals.
- Both BBC1 and ITV1 need to be popular and appeal to mass audiences because of profit and to meet the remit.
- BBC1 has to meet PSB remit and justify license fee.
- ITV1 has to attract advertisers to fund channel.
Different ways we can watch programmes today;
- Apps
- Normal TV
- Phones
- Ipads
- Computers
- Laptops
- Streaming
- Watch live
- Catch up services
- Recordings
Reasons why we watch live tv;
- To feel like your actually there and not missing anything
- Message your mates about what is happening
- Be up to date with tweets on social media platforms
- Second screening
- Audience interactivity, e.g voting
Passive Audience - accepts and believes everything a media text tells them. They are easily influenced and don't question any messages conveyed.
Active Audience - interacts with a media text and makes it's own decisions about wether to accept and believe everything. they question messages and may interpret meanings differently.
Audiences are more active now than in the 1960s because of;
- Channel surfing
- Different platforms available
- Second Screening
- Interactivity possible
- Greater range of messages
Scheduling is, therefore, massively important to both BBC and ITV. Competitive scheduling can benefit the main channels as it creates publicity. For example, BBC1's 'Strictly Come Dancing' results show was scheduled at the same time as 'I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here'.
Peak viewing time is 6pm - 10:30pm.
The Watershed;
- Time of day when content is not suitable for children under 15. Between 9pm - 5:30am
- Overseen by Ofcom
- 18 + rated programmes cannot be shown until after 10pm.
- There for parents guidance to protect kids from sexual, violent, graphic or disturbing content.
Most popular sub genres;
- Crime drama - Top Boy
- Period drama - Peaky Blinders
- Teen drama - Gossip girl
- Medical drama - Casualty
- Science fiction drama - Stranger Things
- Fantasy drama - Game Of Thrones
- Political drama - The West Wing
The Avengers - Light hearted spy thriller (ITV 1965)
Cuffs - Police procedural with comic elements (BBC1 2015)
Wednesday 10th January 2024
ABSENT
L/O: to research the social, historical and political context of The Avengers.
Find 5 key moments from 1961 - 1965
- The most famous band were The Beatles.
- In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built, dividing east and west Germany.
- The Aldermaston marches (anti - nuclear weapons) took place on Easter weekend in the UK.
- Women faced widespread discrimination in the workplace with limited opportunities and lower pay.
- The sport pickle-ball was made in 1965.
Key textual areas
- Concerns over the Cold War.
In 1965, the Cold War was at its height. Britain was a part of NATO - a group of 12 western countries who agree to support each other in the face of a Soviet attack. In retaliation, the Soviet Union formed a pact with seven other communist countries. Europe was then divided into 2 armed sides.
- Threat of the nuclear war.
Anxieties about nuclear war were common as both the Soviet Union and the US were building up their armies and weapons. In 1962, the Cuban missile crisis took place over a terrifying week when the 2 countries took the world to the brink of a nuclear war.
- Espionage.
Both sides in the Cold War used espionage as a way of finding out what the other side was doing and as a way to plant false information. A number of double agents were found guilty of spying in the early 60s and either defected or were imprisoned. This meant that espionage was a common theme in films and tv programmes.
Wednesday 17th January 2024
L/O: to research the to show The Avengers.
The Avengers 1965
1. ITV, later with ABC TV.
2. Mainstream adult audience and teenagers.
3. 7th January 1961.
4. 6 seasons.
5. April 1969.
6. £56,000 per episode.
Notes:
- They could go to locations instead of pretending to.
- The avengers hired a younger women.
- Having a female wasn't that popular back in the 1960's.
- British TV was able to compete on the wold market
- More editing
- Better soundtracks
- Higher production values.
- John Steed and Emma Peel.
- The Avengers was scheduled on Saturday's at 9.05pm - peak time to attract a mass audience.
- The 4th series attracted audiences of around 7 million and was often in the top 10 ratings.
Wednesday 31st January 2024
L/O: To analyse the influence of the social and historical contexts in series 4, episode 1.
WATCHED FIRST EPISODE
Main Characters
- Emma Peel
- John Steed
- Mark Brandon
- Jimmy Smallwood
- Piggy Warren
- Jonathan Ainsbury
- Jill Manson
Wednesday 7th February 2024
L/O: To analyse representation and influence of social and cultural context in series 4, episode 1.
How was the stereotypical english seaside town represented in episode 1?
- In episode 1, John Steed and Emma visit a mysterious coastal town called Ainsbury where several agents have vanished, and where the locals are not all they seem. The locals turn out to be imposters / undercover agents. It begins on a beach, a shifty man is attending to his lobster pots when a man (John Steed) emerges from the tide concealed in a watertight black covering; he walks up the beach, removes the covering, and says good morning to the man and walks off. Being on a beach represents an english seaside town easily because of the man with the lobster pots and obviously being on a beach. Overall, i think the english seaside town is represented quite nicely at the beginning of the episode but quickly changes as we find out about imposters and the underground base.
How was media language used to show the attitudes and values of the 1960s?
- The media language in the episode was used to show the attitudes and values of the 1960's by; female roles, class structure, the changing views on sexuality, British manners and traditions, attitudes to outsiders, patriarchal society and stereotypical ideas of rural life. I think that Emma Peel presents female roles brilliantly because the 60s was a time of pushing for change and not everyone supported the idea of women taking on more dominant roles in society. There were criticism of working mothers who were often blamed for the disruption of family life. I think Emma Peel's character in this programme went against these stereotypes and proves the men / people wrong.
of The Avengers episode you have studied). But women were still not guaranteed equal pay for doing the same job as a man; it was often 50% less than a man’s wage.Changing Attitudes: Gender?
- a new breed of tough, intelligent women was shown by the character Emma Peel throughout the episode, especially when her and john were in the underground fighting the imposters and she was shown taking down a man as well as a women. It has some representations of women as sex objects, mostly when her and John were fencing and john tapped her on the bum and some of the outfits and clothing the producers chose for her, obviously to get the male watchers attention. Ideological tension about gender roles in 1965, people with a traditional gender role ideology believe that women should give priority to family responsibilities, while men should prfioritize work responsibilities, personally, i believe that the episode went against this stereotype and shown a powerful side of female.
Three Key Moments?
- Emma overpowers John in the fencing match, she is ordered by john to leave immediately for a mission without warning.
- Emma beats the Vicker and school teacher in a fight, while Steed is fighting all the boys behind the closed door.
- Emma gets face to face with a gun and thinks she'll be safe in with the choir but realises it was just fake and was a music player, she is then face to face with multiple harmful weapons.
Why do i think the producers chose to call Emma Peel MRS Peel?
- i think the producers did this because the character was particularly notable for a number of characteristics. Peel is a strong heroine; she is rarely defeated in fights and is capable of rescuing Steed if he is in trouble. Mostly men got called by their last name so therefore i think she is referred to as 'Mrs Peel' because it shows she is powerful and not represented as a typical women known in the 1960s.
What assumptions is made about the sexuality in this episode?
- In the 1960's the only genders known were female and male, nowadays there a more. I don't think that people in the 1960s were as open as people in our days are now and i think that in the 1960s nothing else apart from 'straight' was okay / even spoke about.
What class is Steed and Peel?
- I think they are presented as middle maybe higher class because they had enough money to travel to the english town, get drinks at the pub, have a hotel room and by the looks of it i think the types of props, Peel's makeup e.g presents a higher class definitely not lower class.
The ages representations?
- I think Emma Peel was the youngest actor to be apart of such a big programme back in those days whereas, Steed was fairly old, much older than Peel. They wanted to have good representations on both because the more ages it presented the more viewers they would get.
Ethnicity?
- Ethnicity describes the culture of people in a given geographic region, including their language, heritage, religion and customs.
- The main goal of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s was to secure full legal, political and social equality for African Americans, regardless of race and colour. This included fighting for the right to vote, equal access to education, and equal protection under the law.
Wednesday 21st February 2024
The Avengers: Extract Analysis
L/O: to explore elements of media language and practice how to analyse an extract.
Camerawork
- Shot types.
- Camera angles.
- Camera movement.
- Long, mid, medium close up, extreme close up, close up shots.
- Establishing shots.
- Low angle, high angle, canted angle, aerial shots.
- Point of view shots.
- Movement, tracking, steadicam or crane shots.
- Hand held camera.
- Shallow focus and focus pulls.
Mise En Scene
- High or low key lighting.
- Location set.
- Costume and make up.
- Props.
- Casting and performance style.
- Blocking (the composition of elements within the shot).
Wednesday 28th February 2024
Extract Analysis
L/O: to explore elements of media language and practice how to analyse an extract.
Editing
- Shot or reverse shot.
- Juxtaposition, graphic match.
- Non continuity editing.
- Cross cutting.
- Fast paced editing.
- Transitions, dissolve, wipe and fade.
- Post production effects.
- Cutting on action.
- Graphic match has been used in editing in the scene of avengers in the part where John Steed holds the candle up to Piggy and Piggy's moustache catches on fire, it then switches to the man lighting something on fire, this happens because it links the two different locations together and it also suggests that it is where John will find Emma Peel.
- Cutting on action is shown through the fight scene between John Steed and the man in the shed because it emphasises John's feelings of panic when he comes face to face with the boiling piece of metal, it then switches to the man smiling showing the difference of their feelings, this is also known as juxtaposition.
Sound
- Non diegetic is where only the audience can hear it.
- Diegetic sounds is that the people in the scene can hear.
- Sound effects.
- Music.
- Sound bridge links two scenes.
- Voiceover.
- Parallel sound is when what you hear is what you see.
- Contrapuntal sound is when what you hear doesn't match what you see.
- Two elements of sound shown in this scene is contrapuntal sound, this is shown when Emma Peel has just had a gun pulled out on her and she thinks to go and stand at the door where we think a choir is singing but it turns out to be a music player, so before the door opened it doesn't match what we were expecting to see. Another element of sound shown in this scene is non diegetic sounds because it went quieter in certain parts.
Wednesday 6th March 2024
L/O: to explore extract based questions and how to answer them effectively.
1. Question one could be on; camerawork, sound, editing, mise en scene.
2. 2-3 examples needed.
3. 5 marks.
Paper 1, Question 1 - Media Language
Paragraph structure - try using describe, explain and link to structure.
Describe - the technique used in a particular frame.
Explain - support with specific evidence, how was media language been used to show this meaning.
Link - to the overall context, meaning of the scene.
1. How was camerawork used to create meaning? (5 marks)
- The use of camera movement in this scene from The Avengers is used to create tension for the audience. For example, as John Steed walked into the shed to try and find Emma Peel he was caught by the Imposter Blacksmith the camera movement sped up and was hand held, the use of making the movements faster creates this sort of tension for the audience because of the fight, having the camera move faster makes the audience want to keep up and creates excitement. Another is the camera angles, as John Steed and the Imposter Blacksmith begin to fight there are low angles shown of them, this creates and shows sense of power as it makes them look taller than they are.
Paper 1, Question 2 - Something like 'analyse how far...'
Paragraph structure - try using describe, explain and link to structure.
Describe - the scene or shot you will be talking about.
Explain - support with specific evidence.
Link - to the overall context, meaning of the scene.
2. Analyse how far the extract creates tension? (10 marks)
- The use of music in this scene from The Avengers is used to create tension for the audience. For example, after the fight scene between John Steed and the Imposter Blacksmith the music decreased in sound but as Steed found Emma Peel tied up and they went into the school it increased rapidly as Peel asked Steed questions because it puts us in Steed's position as we don't know but once Peel starts talking Steed puts the puzzle together and solves everything, this is when the sound increased and creates tension for the audience. Overall, the music / sound increases every time they want to build tension.
Paper 1, Question 3 - Something like 'how far does the extract create...'
Paragraph structure - try using describe, explain and link to structure.
Describe - the point / specific example.
Explain - support with specific evidence, media language.
Link - to the overall context, meaning of the scene.
3. How far does the extract create an anti stereotypical representation of men? (15 marks)
- I think the extract shows both stereotypes and anti stereotypes of men. For example, the mes en scene during the fight scene between Steed and the Imposter Blacksmith and Steed rescuing Emma Peel to support the 'Damsel in distress' stereotype is shown as stereotypes of men. The anti stereotypes is shown through when Emma Peel explains everything to Steed, represents the change in the 60s of women having more equality. Mainly, traditional stereotypes however, some anti stereotypical ones to reflect the changes in society in the 1960s.
Wednesday 13th March 2024
Wednesday 20th March 2024
Do Now
- Still racism
- Less homophobia
- More multiculturalism
- Access tv through lots of different things e.g phone, iPad, computer
- Lots of technology
- Open sexuality(s)
Television in the 2010s
L/O: to explore the context of the 2010s and the effect on the TV shows and audiences.
Cuffs
- Shown at 8pm on a Wednesday.
- Cant show graphic content.
- One day a week when Eastenders wasn't shown.
- Large audience (16 to 65).
- Range of story lines.
- Set in Brighton.
Series 1 Episode 1 - CUFFS
Wednesday 27th March 2024
PC Jake Vickers - privileged because his dad is 'Chief Super Robert Vickers', he missed neighbourhood.
PC Ryan Draper - in charge of PC Jake Vickers, is tough on him.
Wednesday 17th April 2024
- Black people being part of the police force / multicultural society.
- More gender equality.
- More excepting of different sexualities.
- Improvement in technology.
Cuffs & Audience Appeal
L/O: to analyse the appeals of TV drama.
The Hero
Felix Kane - because he saved the dad from killing himself and saved the child.
Jake Vickers - because he ended up saving Ryan Draper from being hurt by the racist man.
The Villain
Robert Vickers - he has put his son into the police force when he has skipped neighbourhood and not 100% committed / trained for the situations that may happen. He was also having an affair with Jo Moffat.
The Racist Man - killed multiple people / attempted murder.
The Donor
Ryan Draper - has pushed / helped Jake Vickers to do the things he did in that episode.
The Helper
Ryan Draper - has pushed / helped Jake Vickers to do the things he did in that episode.
Jake Vickers Mum - he may of wanted to pushed himself to make his (maybe) dying mum proud.
Audience Appeals - Think about uses & gratifications theory of Blumer & Katz:
P - personal identity
I - information
E - entertainment
S - social interaction
Cuffs offers personal identity throughout the different types of characters in the episode, a ensemble cast. People may see some characters as role models, might emphasise the difficult job of the police in the face of the public. May enjoy seeing gay characters as key protagonists who are not defined by their sexuality. explore their own values.
Cuffs shows information all about the police force and the type of stuff they have to do and achieve / Social realism offers a sense of informing the audience abut police work and the criminal world.
Cuffs offers a wide range of entertainment by all the action and tension it brings. Can escape into the fictional world of a police team. Can take pleasure from seeing characters in danger, solving conflict and facing challenges. Characters personal lives. Humour an suspense.
Cuffs offers social interaction by feeling a part of the team. may build a personal relationship with a character, forgiving weakness and admiring strengths. may use social media to comment on the programme. May enjoy discussing episodes with friends and family.
Cuffs & Social Contexts
L/O: to analyse representation and influence of social & cultural context in Cuffs.
Stronger roles for women reflect gender equality - shown through Jo Moffat, she is put on a case o do with the racist man and goes round his house and ends up fighting with multiple men.
A change in attitudes towards masculinity is shown through Jake vickers because of his sexuality / being gay.
Traditional masculine and feminine qualities no longer reserved for particular genders -
Wednesday 24th April 2024
- The police were represented as a family and disliked by the public. We are shown lots of different challenges they face, for example, little amount of staff etc.
Cuffs & Social Contexts Part 2
Representation
PC Donna Prager - She is partnered with Lino. She is shown as more fit and healthy compared to Lino, we see this when they are chasing a women who stole and how she was way ahead of Lino. She is shown as athletic through the end scene when her, Lino, Ryan and Jake are having a fitness session and she keeps at the same pace as Ryan. I think she is shown as a powerful women in Cuffs, this juxtaposes what it was like in the 1960s because there wasn't any equality back then compared to 2015 when Cuffs was filmed.
PC Lino Moretti - The comedy character, He's always seen joking or eating. Compared to his partner, Donna, he appears less competent, unfit and doesn't take life too seriously. However, Donna and Ryan appear to like him which means the audience does too.
DI Felix Kane - He is shown as emotional, quiet, alone and hard to read. He is put on a case where a little girl has been taken by her mentally unstable dad who could be harmful. In the end we find out that he may be somewhat depressed. He takes matters into his own hands and goes to the hotel where the little girl and dad are staying and saves both of them, so he ends up being a hero figure.
PC Jake Vickers - He is unexperienced. He is shown as vulnerable and disliked at the very start because he is the Chief's son, this is how he has got the job, he may of been disliked because he skipped neighbourhood. He is keen and wants to impress Ryan / the staff but is also a bit scared. He is openly gay and late on in the episode tells Ryan about it. As we get further into the episode, Jake saves Ryan from the racist man and since that he has been like and gets a proper welcome into the group of Donna, Lino and Ryan. He doesn't fit the traditional male roles so shows a different gender sight in the 2015s compared to the 1960s.
Robert Vickers
Masculinity - authoritative patriarchal - stereotypical.
Jake Vickers
Masculinity - anti stereotypical - openly gay.
Felix Kane
Masculinity - anti stereotypical - he is emotional.
- Differences in ethnicity are accepted through the wide range of ethnicities in the police force / cast. However, racism still exists in Britain and we see this through the stag do men attacking Ryan as-well as the racist man killing / trying to kill anybody of colour. The racist group are represented very negatively through the whole of the police department trying to find him and when is about to hit Ryan with a metal pole. The powerful anti racist message reflects society attitudes in 2015 through black people being policemen and the shop owner man for example.
Wednesday 1st May 2024
Wednesday 8th April 2024
Synergy - the combination of elements to maximise profits within a media organisation or product.
Horizontal integration - a company merges with another company in the same industry.
Vertical integration - a organisation that owns more than one stage of the industrial process.
Convergence - lets companies share across all platforms.
Tent pole productions - something expected to make a lot of money and help persuade people for money on products connected with it.
Simultaneous releases - the release of a film on multiple platforms at the same time.
Cross media marketing - a form of cross promotion where companies commit to surpassing traditional advertisement techniques and decide to include extra appeals to the products they offer.
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